From diagnosis to prevention: an integrated approach to conserving the Tang dynasty Fawan Pagoda

The Tang dynasty Fawan Pagoda (791 AD) in the Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest represents China’s earliest dated brick pagoda and faces progressive deterioration from environmental and structural stresses. This study applied an integrated, non-destructive diagnostic framework combining close-range photogrammetry, ultrasonic and rebound hammer testing, and finite element modelling to evaluate material decay and structural stability. Results revealed granular disintegration, joint loss and a 268 mm eastward inclination; the static and linear-elastic response-spectrum analysis did not indicate global instability under the assessed loading cases. Based on diagnostic evidence, a preventive conservation framework was proposed, incorporating environmental monitoring, material compatibility research, conservation-grade mortar development, and pilot maintenance zones. The research demonstrates how integrated diagnosis could support a preventive preservation and provides a case-based workflow that may inform the assessment of comparable historic brick monuments. The study contributes an integrated framework linking structural diagnostics, material assessment and numerical modelling with long-term conservation planning.