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Experimental study demonstrates precise multi-directional gaze and eyelid motion in a bionic eye using shape memory alloy actuators, suggesting enhanced realism for humanoid facial expressions.
A bionic eye system driven by shape memory alloy (SMA) springs is designed for humanoid facial expression.• An antagonistic SMA spherical joint model enables precise multi-directional eyeball rotation with ±20° range and <1° error.• An SMA-PVC bias actuation mechanism with closed-loop PID control achieves eyelid motion with step tracking error <3.7%.
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熊俊伟 et al. (2026) studied this question.
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