Men’s health awareness in focus: knowledge of testicular cancer and awareness of testicular self-examination practices among men in Saudi Arabia

Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common malignancy among young men aged 15 to 39 years, with a rising global incidence. Despite its highly treatable nature, early detection remains critical for improving survival and minimizing long-term complications. However, awareness of TC and testicular self-examination (TSE) remains limited, particularly in regions where male-specific cancer education is lacking. To assess the level of knowledge and awareness of TC among men in Saudi Arabia, identify demographic factors associated with awareness, and evaluate attitudes toward TSE. This cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November 2024 using an online survey disseminated through social media, university platforms, and community networks. The study included Saudi males aged 18 years and older. Individuals with a prior diagnosis of TC and oncology healthcare professionals were excluded. The primary outcomes were TC knowledge and TSE engagement, assessed through a structured questionnaire. Data analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis tests, multiple linear regression for the log-transformed Knowledge Score, and Firth logistic regression for the binary TSE category. A total of 386 participants were included. The mean TC knowledge score was 9.2/20, and the mean TSE score was 0.32/6. Most participants were aged 18–30 years (76.19%) and college graduates (70.37%). Knowledge scores were significantly higher among individuals with higher education, but no other demographic factors were strongly associated with TC awareness. TSE engagement was low across all groups, with higher education being the strongest predictor. Regression analyses showed no significant predictors of TC knowledge, suggesting a widespread lack of awareness regardless of demographic factors. TC awareness remains low among a sample of Saudi men, with minimal engagement in TSE. Higher education attainment was the demographic factor most consistently associated with awareness and self-examination practices. Public health interventions, including structured TC education, digital health campaigns, and healthcare provider engagement, are needed to improve early detection and reduce the burden of TC in Saudi Arabia.