Theoretical analysis reveals non-quark baryon number distribution in nucleons, indicating topological geometric locking governs hadron confinement.
On August 14, 2026, a team led by Professor Tang Zebo of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), in collaboration with the RHIC‑STAR international experimental group, published experimental results in Science revealing an anomalous structure within the nucleon that is clearly inconsistent with the naive quark model. The measured net baryon number and net charge distributions are most consistently explained by a hypothetical “Y‑shaped gluon junction” — a topological node formed by the intersection of three gluon lines, carrying baryon number but no electric charge and no color charge. This paper incorporates this experimental finding into the PFUSRC framework for topological localization, arguing the following core propositions: 1. The “threefold intersection” of the Y‑shaped gluon junction is not a physical accident but the geometric locking point of the triaxial closed‑loop structure of the triple coaxial bicone in three‑dimensional projection. The three gluon channels correspond to the red, green, and blue nested orbits; their intersection is the necessary projection manifestation of Z₃ triaxial cyclic symmetry at the hadron level. 2. The baryon number carried by the Y‑shaped gluon junction is the direct experimental manifestation of the positive‑definite topological charge Qₜₒₚ established in PFUSRC‑106 at the hadron level. A topological node possesses independent ontological weight that cannot be reduced to the additive sum of its constituent parts. The additive logic of the naive quark model — “baryon number resides entirely in quarks” — receives counterexample support at the level of experimental phenomena within the PFUSRC ontological framework. 3. The absence of electric charge and color charge on the Y‑shaped junction corresponds precisely to the "0 = coupling interface" definition of PFUSRC‑01 at the hadron level. The node is a neutral coupling interface, not a charge carrier — its function is to lock the triaxial closed loop, not to participate in charge transmission. 4. This finding constitutes external independent verification of the PFUSRC‑109 thesis that “gluons = interlayer topological channels + three‑color closed loop.” The Y‑shaped node is the “knot” of the closed loop; until the knot is untied, quarks cannot escape — the geometric rigidity of confinement thereby receives experimental data support. 5. This finding belongs to Class A (ontological touch) in the binary classification of PFUSRC‑166B: structural particularity (threefold intersection), simplicity of statement (“three gluons tied in a knot”), and non‑inductiveness (the additive logic of the naive quark model cannot naturally derive it). Its localization constitutes verification. Note: The topological localization presented in this paper is an interpretation internal to the PFUSRC system, based on the currently preferred “Y‑shaped gluon junction” hypothesis for the experimental data; the physical reality of the Y‑shaped gluon junction still requires further experimental confirmation.
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Zhenmin Wang (2026) studied this question.
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