Materials study demonstrates that modifying polybenzoxazine with grafted natural rubber fillers improves toughness and shape recovery, indicating potential for high-temperature applications.
In this study, various types and concentrations of ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered natural rubbers (UFPNR) were evaluated on how they affect the toughness of bisphenol A polybenzoxazine (PBA‐a). UFPNR types were prepared by grafting acrylonitrile (AN), styrene (ST), styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (ST/AN), or styrene‐methyl methacrylate copolymer (ST/MMA) onto deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR). Testing PBA‐a/UFPNR weight ratios of 100/0, 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, 80/20, and 75/25 revealed that UFPNR grafted with ST/MMA (UFPNR‐g‐(PS‐co‐PMMA)) yielded the most desirable properties. Specifically, the 75/25 PBA‐a/UFPNR‐g‐(PS‐co‐PMMA) composite achieved the highest toughness improvement. At optimum content, UFPNR‐g‐(PS‐co‐PMMA) enhanced toughness by up to 86% and impact strength by 56%. Furthermore, adding 25% of these fillers improved the shape recovery ratio by about 11% (reaching 99% ± 0.8%) and shortened recovery time by 19% (reaching 1450 ± 60 s). These improvements indicate that the fillers' strain recovery and energy storage during deformation outweigh their thermal insulative effects within the matrix. Overall, the study successfully developed a robust PBA‐a/UFPNR‐g‐(PS‐co‐PMMA) composite with enhanced shape memory properties, making it highly suitable for applications requiring materials with high thermal stability.
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Pattulee et al. (2026) studied this question.
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