Bandgap Reference Layout Analysis and Design

Analog circuits incorporate voltage and current reference extensively. Such references are dc quantities that exhibit little dependence on supply and process parameters and a well-defined dependence on the temperature. In systems such as A/D and D/A converters and so on, a reference is required to define the input and output full-scale range. In this paper, the analysis and layout design of reference generator in CMOS technology are deal with, being focused on well-establishing "bandgap" technique. First, supply-independent biasing is studied. Next, temperature-independent references are described and issues such as the effect voltage are examined. Third, bandgap reference layouts are designed and the results are given. Finally, an example of state-of-the-art bandgap references are studied.