Universal bases for hybridization, replication and chain termination

Several unnatural, predominantly hydrophobic nucleobases that pack efficiently in duplex DNA without hydrogen bonding functionalities are reported to circumvent the hydrogen bonding-based specificity, both during oligonucleotide hybridization and enzymatic DNA synthesis. The reported nucleoside analogs are efficient 'universal bases' for hybridization, template directed DNA synthesis and chain termination. Moreover, several of the universal bases function in their biological role, hybridization or replication, with an efficiency not significantly reduced relative to their natural counterparts.