Lithium Disilicate in Prosthodontics: A Narrative Review on Composition, Strengthening Mechanisms, Fabrication Techniques, and Clinical Performance

Lithium disilicate glass ceramics have become a material of choice in prosthodontics due to their exceptional combination of esthetics, strength, and bonding capability. With a microstructure comprising interlocking needle-like crystals embedded in a glassy matrix, lithium disilicate offers high flexural strength, translucency, and compatibility with natural enamel. This narrative review highlights the evolution of lithium disilicate ceramics from IPS Empress 2 to modern systems such as IPS e.max Press and computer-aided design (CAD), alongside advances in fabrication techniques, including heat pressing, CAD/computer-aided manufacturing milling, and emerging additive manufacturing. The review explores both intrinsic and extrinsic strengthening mechanisms, such as optimized sintering parameters, controlled crystallization, and ion-exchange treatments, all contributing to improved mechanical performance and clinical durability. Emphasis is placed on the material’s adhesive potential, allowing conservative tooth preparation and long-term success through proper bonding protocols. While lithium disilicate shows excellent performance in anterior and posterior single-unit restorations, limitations exist in long-span bridges and high-load areas. In addition, issues such as machining-induced microcracks, marginal chipping, and restoration thickness must be carefully managed. Recent clinical studies and material innovations continue to enhance its application in digital dentistry. Overall, lithium disilicate remains a cornerstone material in esthetic and functional prosthodontic rehabilitation.