Droplets freely suspended in the air stream of a wind tunnel were nucleated with dedicated bacterial cells in either the contact or immersion mode. Immersion freezing seemed to give a noncontinuous frequency distribution of freezing with temperature whereas the corresponding curve for contact was monotonic. Although the latter nucleation mode was more efficient by ∼2°C, the temperature ranges over which droplets froze by either mode of nucleation were closer to 0°C than those so far published for nonbiogenic ice nuclei of natural origin.
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Levin et al. (1983) studied this question.