Definitions and measures of exercise dependence

The aim of this review is to synthesize the knowledge about the definitions and measures of exercise dependence based on the few studies available in the literature. This review presents the evolution of exercise dependence conceptualization (measures and definitions) around a number of key considerations and debates. Each of these considerations conceptualizes excessive exercise as a form of dependence. This article overviews a number of distinct areas: (i) the positive and/or negative nature of exercise dependence, (ii) the link between exercise dependence and eating disorders, (iii) the elaboration of diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence, and (iv) the use of substance dependence and the behavioral component model of addiction to conceptualize exercise dependence. Future research areas are also briefly outlined.