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August 23, 2026Body ImageOpen Access

Muscle dysmorphia among Brazilian gender-expansive individuals and transgender men: Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI)

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Authors

MAMaurício AlmeidaTBTiffany A. BrownPCPriscila Figueiredo Campos

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Overview

Validation study demonstrates reliable psychometric properties of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory in transgender and gender-expansive men, supporting improved screening.

Key Points

  • To evaluate the psychometric properties, factor structure, and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in gender-expansive individuals and transgender men.
  • Assessed a sample of 157 gender-expansive individuals and 137 transgender men in Brazil using the Brazilian Portuguese translation of the MDDI.
  • Conducted confirmatory factor analysis and examined internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity with measures of drive for muscularity and appearance-ideal internalization.
  • Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original 3-factor structure comprising drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairment.
  • The MDDI demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity through significant correlations with drive for muscularity and appearance-ideal internalization subscales.

Cite This Study

Almeida et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8aad667677a3411444580dhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102168
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