Internalized racism and mental health among Asian Americans: A subgroup meta-analysis.

= .03). Using a pooled mental health outcome, moderator analyses revealed stronger associations when IR was group-directed rather than self-directed, manifested as self-hatred or cultural and ethnoracial group inferiority rather than colonial mentality, and was negative rather than positive valenced. Tests of bias suggested that higher quality studies reported stronger associations with varied positive mental health, whereas smaller studies yielded larger effects for depression. Precision-Effect Test-Precision-Effect Estimate with Standard Errors and rank-correlation tests did not suggest bias across outcomes. These findings highlight that IR undermines psychological well-being among Asian Americans and underscore the need for culturally specific research to clarify causal mechanisms and inform clinical interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).