The order-{α} quantum-electrodynamic modifications to the photon stress tensor are calculated using the finite, causal methods of source theory. The results are in agreement with those of Berends and Gastmans, who used dimensional regularization. Although the corrected stress tensor is conformally invariant, a "trace anomaly" does appear as a consequence of gravitational and electromagnetic gauge invariance.
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Kimball A. Milton (1977) studied this question.
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