Review demonstrates design of lanthanide-doped nanoprobes for detecting reactive oxygen species in biological systems, highlighting their temporal and spatial biosensing utility.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pivotal in maintaining redox homeostasis and regulating physiological functions. However, the intrinsically short lifetime and high reactivity of ROS present substantial challenges for their sensing. Lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles (LnNPs) offer promising solutions due to their tunable photoluminescence and superior photostability. This review begins with the structural optimization and surface modification of LnNPs. The design strategies for ROS-responsive LnNPs are systematically summarized, focusing on valence conversion, Förster resonance energy transfer and absorption competition-induced emission modulation. Next, representative applications of LnNPs in the detection and imaging of major ROS are highlighted, evaluating their performance from temporal, spatial, and multimodal perspectives. Finally, we address current technical limitations and proposed future research directions, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in this active research field.
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Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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