From Ancient Spice to Advanced Science: Therapeutic, Nutraceutical and Nanotechnological Insights into the Fruits of Piper Longum Linn for Modern Drug Development

Piper longum Linn ( P. longum ), a historically revered culinary spice and medicinal herb, has transitioned from its traditional roots in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medicine to modern biomedical and technological applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of its phytochemistry, therapeutic potential, and translational relevance in drug development. Rich in bioactive compounds such as piperine, piperlongumine, and piperlonguminine, P. longum exhibits significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Emerging studies also highlight its role as a bioenhancer, functional food ingredient, and sustainable source for nutraceuticals. Furthermore, advances in nanotechnology including liposomes, cubosomes, and transgelosomes, have enhanced its solubility, bioavailability, and targeted pharmacological efficacy. Industrial applications span nutraceuticals, phytopharmaceuticals, and green nanotechnology, underscoring its potential for commercialization. Clinical and preclinical studies validate its efficacy and safety within therapeutic ranges. By bridging ancient knowledge with modern innovations, this review highlights P. longum as a versatile candidate for integrative medicine and novel drug delivery strategies.