We report direct high-resolution observation of nonlinear steepened plasma waves excited in the wake of an intense, self-pinched electron beam. Oscillations in both accelerating and deflecting fields are measured, and analyzed in the context of linear and nonlinear plasma-wave theory. The degree of nonlinearity in the wake fields is shown to be consistent with analytical predictions of the beam self-pinching. The impact of these results on plasma acceleration and focusing schemes is discussed.
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Rosenzweig et al. (1989) studied this question.
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