EDWINA A. McCONNELL, PhD, RN, is a Consultant in Madison, Wisconsin. The author thanks Dr. Kathleen A. Knafl for reviewing this manuscript. This investigation was supported by the Department of Health and Human Services, National Research Service Award 5 F31 NU05851- 20 from the Division of Nursing
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EDWINA A. McCONNELL (1991) studied this question.