Diagnosis and therapy of copulatory disorders of the stallion

Copulatory disorders of the stallion occur in various clinical forms and varying incidence. They are clinically manifest through libido, erectile, ejaculatory and co-ordination disorders in the copulatory reflex chain. The causes are rooted in handling, morphofunction and the endocrine neuromuscular function of the sexual processes ofthe stallion. In addition to a summary of the causes, diagnostics and therapeutic possibilities for the various disease complexes, description of spongial erectile dyslunction, as a particular clinical manifestation of erectile disorders ofthe stallion, and their treatment, ar discussed.