Electrically driven motors and actuators have a major disadvantage when used in autonomous systems—they rely on batteries. The results presented on page 1580 of this issue by Ebron and colleagues (1) offer a unique solution to this problem by creating artificial muscle actuators that breathe. The invention should lead to powerful devices that truly keep on going by consuming energy-rich fuels and oxygen.
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John D. W. Madden (2006) studied this question.
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