Mining Laws and their Amendments in India: A Survey

The regulatory framework governing mining activities in India has undergone significant evolution over the years, reflecting the country’s growing industrialization, environmental concerns, and socio-economic priorities. This review paper provides a comprehensive survey of mining laws and their amendments in India, tracing the historical development of legislation from the colonial era to the present day. It examines key statutes such as the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, and its subsequent amendments, alongside other relevant laws, policies, and judicial interventions that have shaped the mining sector. The paper highlights the dual objectives of promoting sustainable resource extraction and ensuring environmental conservation while addressing the challenges of illegal mining, tribal rights, and revenue sharing. By analysing the impact of recent amendments, including the introduction of auction-based mineral allocations and district mineral foundations, this study offers insights into the effectiveness of the legal framework in balancing economic growth with social and environmental responsibilities. The review concludes with recommendations for future policy reforms to address emerging issues and foster a more transparent, equitable, and sustainable mining industry in India. Major Findings: India’s mining laws have evolved to balance economic growth with environmental and social responsibilities. Key reforms, like auction-based mineral allocation and district mineral foundations, aim to curb illegal mining and ensure fair resource distribution. While progress has been made, challenges remain in transparency, sustainability, and safeguarding tribal rights, calling for further policy refinements.