Epistemic injustice concerning racialized patients

Quality of care depends on two significant matters: first, the testimony of pain and symptoms by the patient. Second, the doctor's decision to believe or disbelieve these testimonies; in other words, reciprocity. Power and knowledge imbalances between doctors and patients create two distinct classes of knowers and subknowers. In this paper, I argue, the identity power of the doctors along with their unconscious implicit racial biases can put a patient in jeopardy of testimonial injustice. I argue, overturning the testimony of a patient because of the pernicious influences of power and racial biases is testimonial injustice and epistemic harm occurs as the result of a testimonial deficit (credibility deficit, whether fully dismissing the testimony or giving less than de served credit).