This letter presents a self-consistent nonlinear treatment of three-dimensional effects associated with the wiggler field, the electron beam, and the radiation beam in a steady-state free electron laser (FEL) amplifying configuration. Our formulation also incorporates various efficiency enhancement schemes. We find that the 3-D effects can lead to substantial differences in the results compared to the 1-D theory. Finally a 3-D numerical illustration of a 10.6-μm FEL is given.
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Sprangle et al. (1981) studied this question.
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