Modification of the transverse intensity profile of a single electromagnetic waveguide mode during the free-electron laser (FEL) interaction has been measured. This effect is the waveguide analog to free-space optical guiding. The studies were carried out at microwave frequencies (8--12 GHz) in a FEL with use of a mildly relativistic electron beam of {}200 kV energy and {}1.0 A current. The probing of the rf fields was accomplished by small electric dipole antennas inserted in the interaction region. The observed intensity profiles are compared with the measured FEL-induced phase shifts (wave refractive index).
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Hartemann et al. (1987) studied this question.
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