Effects of heart rate on cardiac function in normal mice and rats and in animal models of heart failure

Figures

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  Figure 1. Evaluation of MI7D and MI28D rats. (a, i) Electrocardiogram of normal control rats; (b) Electrocardiogram of rats 7 days after myocardial infarction-induced heart failure; (c) Heart image of normal control rats; (d) Heart image of rats 7 days after myocardial infarction-induced heart failure; (e, m) Echocardiogram of normal control rats; (f) Echocardiography of rats 7 days after myocardial infarction with heart failure; (g, h) LVEF and FS values between the normal control group and the group 7 days after myocardial infarction with heart failure; (j) Electrocardiogram of rats 28 days after myocardial infarction-induced heart failure; (k, l) LVEF and FS values between the normal control group and the group 28 days after myocardial infarction with heart failure; (n) Echocardiography of rats 28 days after myocardial infarction with heart failure. *** indicates P < 0.001 vs. Normal Control group.

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  Figure 2. Model evaluation mice. (a) Body weight between normal control and HFpEF mice; (b) Fasting blood glucose between normal control and HFpEF mice; (c) 2-hour postprandial blood glucose between normal control and HFpEF mice; (d) Systolic blood pressure between normal control and HFpEF mice; (e) Diastolic blood pressure between normal control and HFpEF mice; (f) Mean arterial pressure between normal control and HFpEF mice; (g) LVEF values between normal control and HFpEF mice; (h) FS values between normal control and HFpEF mice; (i) E/A ratios between normal control and HFpEF mice; (j) E/e’ values between normal control and HFpEF mice; (k–m) Echocardiograms of normal control mice; (n–p) Echocardiograms of HFpEF mice. *** indicates P < 0.001 vs. Normal Control group.

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  Figure 3. Cardiac function in normal rats at different heart rates. (a–c) Echocardiograms of normal rats at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm; (d) LVEF values in normal rats across three heart rate ranges; (e) FS values in normal rats across three heart rate ranges; (f) LV Vols values in the normal group at three heart rate ranges; (g) LV Vold values in the normal group at three heart rate ranges; (h) LVIDs values in the normal group at three heart rate ranges; (i–n) Echocardiographic images of diastolic function in the normal group at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm; (o) e’/a’ values in normal group rats across three heart rate ranges; (p) E/A values in normal group rats across three heart rate ranges; (q) E/e’ values in normal rats across three heart rate ranges; (r) IVCT values in normal rats across three heart rate ranges; (s) IVRT values in normal rats across three heart rate ranges; (t) Tei indices in normal rats across three heart rate ranges. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.001.

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  Figure 4. Other cardiac function parameters. (a–c) Changes in indicators of systolic and diastolic function in normal rats at different heart rates; (d–f) Indicators of systolic and diastolic function in rats in the MI7D model group; (g–i) Indicators of systolic and diastolic function in rats in the MI28D model group; (j–l) Changes in indicators related to systolic and diastolic function in the normal group of mice at different heart rates; (m–o) Indicators related to systolic and diastolic function in the HFpEF model group of mice. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.001.

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  Figure 5. Cardiac function in MI7D rats at different heart rates. (a–c) Echocardiographic images of systolic function in MI7D rats at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm, respectively; (d) LVEF values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (e) FS values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (f) LV Vols values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (g) LV Vold values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (h) LVIDs values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (i-n) Echocardiographic images of diastolic function in MI7D rats at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm; (o) e’/a’ values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (p) E/A values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (q) E/e’ values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (r) IVCT values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (s) IVRT values in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges; (t) Tei index in MI7D rats across three heart rate ranges. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.001.

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  Figure 6. Cardiac function of MI28D rats at different heart rates. (a–c) Echocardiographic images of systolic function in MI28D rats at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm, respectively; (d) LVEF values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (e) FS values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (f) LV Vols values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (g) LV Vold values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (h) LVIDs values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (i-n) Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function in MI28D rats at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm; (o) e’/a’ values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (p) E/A values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (q) E/e’ values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (r) IVCT values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (s) IVRT values in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges; (t) Tei index in MI28D rats across three heart rate ranges. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.001.

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  Figure 7. Fusion peaks. (a–c) Fusion peaks in rats at heart rates of 330–370 bpm; (d, e) Fusion peaks in mice at heart rates of 480–510 bpm; (f) Occurrence and proportion of fusion peaks in normal rats and mice; (g) Occurrence and proportion of fusion peaks in model rats and mice. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.001.

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  Figure 8. Cardiac function in normal mice at different heart rates. (a–c) Echocardiographic images of systolic function in normal mice at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm, respectively; (d) LVEF values in normal group mice across three heart rate ranges; (e) FS values in normal group mice across three heart rate ranges; (f) LV Vols values in the normal group at three heart rate ranges; (g) LV Vold values in the normal group at three heart rate ranges; (h) LVIDs values in the normal group at three heart rate ranges; (i–n) Echocardiographic images of diastolic function in the normal group at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm; (o) e’/a’ values in normal group mice across three heart rate ranges; (p) E/A values in normal group mice across three heart rate ranges; (q) E/e’ values in normal group mice across three heart rate ranges; (r) IVCT values in normal group mice across three heart rate ranges; (s) IVRT values in normal group mice across three heart rate ranges; (t) Tei index in normal group mice across three heart rate ranges. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.001.

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  Figure 9. Cardiac function in HFpEF mice at different heart rates. (a–c) Echocardiographic images of systolic function in HFpEF mice at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm, respectively; (d) LVEF values in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges; (e) FS values in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges; (f) LV Vols values in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges at three heart rate ranges; (g) LV Vold in HFpEF mice at three heart rate ranges; (h) LVIDs in HFpEF mice at three heart rate ranges; (i–n) Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function in HFpEF mice at heart rates of 420 ± 30 bpm, 350 ± 30 bpm, and 270 ± 30 bpm; (o) e’/a’ values in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges; (p) E/A values in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges; (q) E/e’ values in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges; (r) IVCT values in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges; (s) IVRT values in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges; (t) Tei index in HFpEF mice across three heart rate ranges. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.001.

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  Figure 10. Cardiac function in normal rats/mice versus model rats/mice at the same heart rate. (a) LVEF values between normal and MI7D rats; (b) FS between normal and MI7D rats; (c) IVCT values between normal and MI7D rats; (d) E/A values between normal and MI7D rats; (e) E/e’ values between normal and MI7D rats; (f) IVRT values between normal and MI7D rats; (g) LVEF values between normal and MI28D rats; (h) FS between normal and MI28D rats; (i) IVCT values between normal and MI28D rats; (j) E/A values between normal and MI28D rats; (k) E/e’ values between normal and MI28D rats; (l) IVRT values between normal and MI28D rats; (m) LVEF values between normal and HFpEF mice; (n) FS between normal and HFpEF mice; (o) IVCT values between normal and HFpEF mice; (p) E/A values between normal and HFpEF mice; (q) E/e’ values between normal and HFpEF mice; (r) IVRT values between normal and HFpEF mice. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, and *** indicates P < 0.001.

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  Figure 11. Correlation analysis in normal rats. (a) Correlation analysis of E/A ratio in normal rats; (b) Correlation analysis of E/e’ ratio in normal rats; (c) Correlation analysis of IVRT in normal rats; (d) Correlation analysis of LVEF values in normal rats; (e) Correlation analysis of FS values in normal rats; (f) Correlation analysis of IVCT in normal rats; (g) Correlation analysis of ET in normal rats.

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  Figure 12. Correlation analysis in normal MI7D rats. (a) Correlation analysis of E/A ratio in MI7D rats; (b) Correlation analysis of E/e’ ratio in MI7D rats; (c) Correlation analysis of IVRT in MI7D rats; (d) Correlation analysis of LVEF values in MI7D rats; (e) Correlation analysis of FS values in MI7D rats; (f) Correlation analysis of IVCT in MI7D rats; (g) Correlation analysis of ET in MI7D rats.