Transaction time is used for time stamping object values to record their database history and formulate a zero information loss model for database transactions. The model consists of three components, a data history store, an update store, and a query store. In such a model, the effect of a past transaction (a query or an update) can be determined at any time. Additionally, the update and query stores make it possible to reconstruct the circumstances of updates and the information divulged in queries. Such a model is suitable for the design of secure, easy-to-audit database systems.>
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Bhargava et al. (1993) studied this question.
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