Calorimeters have been designed and constructed that can measure the energy content of picosecond 1.06-microm laser pulses ranging in energy from ~13 microJ to 200 J. Noise levels are approximately 55 dB below individual instruments' upper limits. The thermopile output voltage peaks in less than 2 sec and recovers with a time constant of ~50 sec or less.
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B. E. Watt (1973) studied this question.
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