Enhanced Extraction Practice of Natural Dyes for the Sustainable Textile Industry

Efficient extraction solutions for both natural and synthetic dyes are of great interest due to the growing demandfor environmentally sustainable textile processing. The main contemporary dye extraction methods, such assolid-phase extraction (SPE), surfactant-mediated extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and enzymatic and fermentation-basedtechniques, are reviewed and evaluated in this study. A critical analysis is conducted of each technique'sprinciples, mechanisms, benefits, and industrial applicability. By means of efficient adsorbent–analyteinteractions, SPE and its microextraction variations exhibit great selectivity, little solvent consumption, andsuperior recovery. For the concentration of hydrophobic dyes, surfactant-based methods like cloud-pointextraction and coacervate extraction offer easy and environmentally suitable substitutes. Although SFE's lowpolarity limits its use to non-polar chemicals, it allows for quick and solvent-free extraction, especially withsupercritical CO2. Specifically, when combined, UAE and MAE greatly improve mass transfer, shortenprocessing times, and boost extraction effectiveness. While fermentation methods, particularly for the creationof indigo, enable the natural biotransformation of dye precursors, enzyme-assisted extraction provides a gentleand sustainable method for plant-based colours. Overall, the results show that hybrid and integrated extractiontechniques have a promising future for increasing dye yield while minimising environmental impact. It isbelieved that ongoing developments in these technologies will aid in the creation of more environmentallyfriendly and sustainable textile dyeing techniques.