Textual analysis reveals the conflation of Durga with Bharat Mata in Vande Mataram, highlighting the prioritization of religious imagery over secular nationhood.
Vande Mataram is, at its core, a hymn to Durga. In this song, Bankim Chandra fuses Bharat Mata and Durga into a single figure. It is a feat of language and poetic craft. But no feat of language can conceal the truth beneath it. The song places the Hindu goddess Durga above the nation itself, and casts Bharat Mata in the form of Durga.
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Pramod Ranjan (2026) studied this question.
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