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Near the end of the ORMAK tokamak operation, a series of experiments was performed in which the bulk of the toroidal current was carried by relativistic runaway electrons. New or improved measurements of RF and microwave emission, electron temperatures, and hard-X-ray flux were made. Of particular interest is the observation that the RF signal levels are remarkably low, less than a conventional (non-runaway) discharge. The data are compared with two runaway electron creation models and tend to agree better with a model in which runaways are created continuously throughout the discharge.
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Swain et al. (1980) studied this question.
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