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Symptomatic obstruction of the central airways (trachea, carina, main bronchi) can be relieved by a variety of bronchoscopic interventions. This review focuses on the anesthetic considerations for these procedures including Nd-YAG laser ablation, balloon dilation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, brachytherapy, and airway stenting in patients with central airway stenosis.
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Jay B. Brodsky (2001) studied this question.
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