Computational case study reveals temporal deficit corrections reduce orbital insertion error in Mars Express, indicating significant propellant savings for deep-space missions.
Based on the mathematical framework of The Ticking Law of Time, this paper re-calculates the orbital data of the European Space Agency's Mars Express mission. The results show that during the 206-day heliocentric transfer phase, the spacecraft accumulated an irreversible temporal deficit of approximately 0.1813 seconds, corresponding to a position deviation of approximately 4.59 kilometers, accounting for 11.5% of the mission's orbital insertion error (approximately 40 km). If this correction term is incorporated into the navigation model, the insertion error can be reduced from 40 km to 35.41 km, eliminating one trajectory correction maneuver and saving approximately 3.34 kg of propellant. This effect is physically distinct from general relativistic time dilation—the former is a path-integrated, irreversible cumulative effect, while the latter is an instantaneous function—and should be treated as an independent correction term in the navigation design of future deep-space missions. The theoretical basis for this correction is derived from The Ticking Law of Time, which has also been shown to predict new particle states in quantum field theory [4]. (Note on AI-Assisted Computation Certain mathematical derivations and physical calculations in this paper were performed by an AI tool (large language model) based on the theoretical framework and postulate system provided by the author. Specifically, the AI tool contributed to: formula derivation, equation solving, integral evaluation, series summation, and recalculation verification of established quantum mechanical results. All physical insights, core assumptions, logical premises, and the theoretical framework itself were independently developed by the author. The AI tool served solely as an auxiliary instrument for mathematical derivation and computational verification, comparable in role to symbolic computation software or numerical tools routinely employed by researchers. The author has reviewed every derived result for physical plausibility, consistency with known experimental data, and logical coherence, and assumes full responsibility for all conclusions. This statement is provided in the interest of academic transparency, while clearly distinguishing between the originality of ideas and the auxiliary role of computation.)
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Yanlei Liu (2026) studied this question.
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