Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Chitosan-TPP Nanoformulated Wrightia pubescens R.Br Leaf Extract in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema of Wistar Rats

The use of herbal medicines like riksusu leaves (Wrightia pubescens R.Br) as antiinflammatory agents is limited by the low bioavailability of their active compounds.This herb was traditionally used in East Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia) to treat bruises and purify blood.Nanotechnology, particularly chitosan-NaTPP nanoparticles, offers a promising solution due to their biocompatibility and controlled-release properties.This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of riksusu leaf extract nanoparticles in an in vivo model.The extract was obtained through maceration and analyzed using phytochemical screening and LC-MS/MS.Nanoparticles were synthesized using ionic gelation (extract:chitosan:NaTPP = 1:0.2:1)and characterized using a Particle Size Analyzer and TEM.The extract yield was 12.7%, with 6.84 ± 0.69% moisture content.Phytochemical tests confirmed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins.LC-MS/MS identified isoindoline, morin, kaempferol, luteolin, and eugenin as active compounds.In vivo testing on carrageenan-induced Wistar rats showed that the nanoparticle group (250 mg/kg BW) achieved an average inhibition of 80.13%, compared to 62.30% (p < 0.05) for the non-nanoparticle extract group.These results demonstrate that nanoparticle formulation significantly enhances the anti-inflammatory potential of riksusu leaf extract.