* Fraudulently cashed checks total at least $1 billion each year.' * Fraudulent redemption of coupons is now estimated at $100 million annually.' * Store losses due to shoplifting now amount to a hidden tax of $150 on each family in the United States every year as a result of these losses being passed on to customers in the form of higher prices. * Because of these and other consumer-level abuses
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Robert E. Wilkes (1978) studied this question.