High piezoelectricity of BaTiO 3 –CaTiO 3 –BaSnO 3 lead-free ceramics

The ultrahigh converse piezoelectric coefficient d *33 = 1444 pm V −1 and strain 0.070%, which are the highest values reported so far in lead-free ceramics, were achieved at the component of multiphase coexistence, suggesting that the BaTiO 3 –CaTiO 3 –BaSnO 3 system is a promising lead-free alternative material for electromechanical actuator applications.