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The construction and validation of a test of anal characteristics (Ai 3 ) are described. This test was used in a cross‐cultural study in Ghana. Ghanaian students scored significantly higher on this test than did their British counterparts, a result that was interpreted in the light of the educational system in Ghana. Some problems in the use of personality inventories in alien cultures are discussed.
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Paul Kline (1969) studied this question.
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