Bivalent Cations Increase Both the Subpopulation of Adhering Bacteria and Their Adhesion Efficiency in Sand Columns

The need to understand important factors affecting the spread of bacteria in groundwater aquifers is evident for fields as diverse as drinking water safety or environmental engineering concerned with bioremediation of polluted sites. For example, increasing concentrations of dissolved minerals tend to increase the deposition efficiency of bacteria in porous media. As bacteria and mineral surfaces are mostly negatively charged, this is generally assumed to be a consequence of the higher ionic strength, which leads to stronger shielding of the surface charges by the counterion-cloud in solution. We found Mg 2+ to enhance deposition of Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 in sand columns with respect to a solution of identical ionic strength containing Na + . Hence bivalent cations are likely to affect microbial deposition specifically, for example due to specific binding to the cell surface. Moreover, low concentrations of Pb 2+ or Cu 2+ reverted the surface potential of strain B13, thus providing additional evidence for this hypothesis. Recently, we showed strain B13 to split up in a well-adhering and in a nonadhering subpopulation. In experiments conducted with Mg 2+ and Na + at various ionic strength, bivalent cations seemed to increase the well-adhering subpopulation as well as its adhesion efficiency.