The risk assessment of carbon materials, an important topic in nanomaterials research, has been hampered by the lack of characterizable samples. Transition-metal-free carbon nanohorn aggregates have been prepared that are covalently bonded aggregates of single-walled nanotubes. They were functionalized to give water-soluble derivatives (see picture), which were incubated with cells in cytotoxicity assessments.
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Isobe et al. (2006) studied this question.
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