Liberal Versus Restrictive Fluid Management in Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study

48 ASA I-III patients undergoing fast-track elective knee arthroplasty

Liberal perioperative intravascular fluid administration (median 4250 mL, range 3150-5200 mL)

Restrictive perioperative intravascular fluid administration (median 1740 mL, range 1100-2165 mL)

Physiological recovery variables including pulmonary function (spirometry), exercise capacity ('timed up and go' test), coagulation (Thrombelastograph), postoperative hypoxemia (nocturnal pulse oximetry), postoperative ileus (defecation), and subjective patient recovery (visual analog scales)surrogate