A real-time 3-D spatial localization system to track an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using a single off-board conventional camera and an onboard circle-shaped colored light-emitting diode (LED) marker is presented. The image from the camera is color-segmented and then morphologically closed before being sent to the ellipse detector. The location of the drone is then estimated with geometric/optical calculations using the pixel coordinates provided by the real-time ellipse detector. The location data generated by this system was validated by a motion-capture system (MCS) that was simultaneously tracking the system in real time. The average position error was of 6 cm, while the processing speed achieved 15 locations/s, which are comparable with recent research references. The usage of a low-cost camera makes this method promising for most mobile UAV tracking applications.
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Stuckey et al. (2023) studied this question.
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