Layer-by-Layer Biomolecular Assemblies for Enzyme Sensors, Immunosensing, and Nanoarchitectures

Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assemblies are multi-modular constructions created on solid substrate mainly via electrostatic interactions between polyanions and polycations. The LbL approach can be used for the inter-layer immobilization of biomolecules with enhanced properties for biocatalytic and immunosensing applications, and to create nanoarchitectures for drug encapsulation and release systems. This LbL approach is generic and provides a strategy to rationally design the properties of immobilized films. The following review reports on the LbL state-of-the-art, characterization techniques, applications in biosensing, and nanoarchitectures.