Alcoholic fermentation as a strategy to mitigate pesticides and mycotoxins

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In this study alcoholic fermentation was explored to reduce the pesticides – 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and procymidone – and the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA), besides evaluating their effects on quality parameters of the process. Fermentation (at 20°C for 168 h) was conducted in synthetic must (YPD and 10 g hL− 1 of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to which the following were added: 2,4-D (6.73 mg L− 1) and procymidone (2.24 mg L− 1), simultaneously (Treatment 1); and OTA (0.83 and 2.66 µg L− 1) (Treatments 2 and 3). The control treatment had no contaminants. All contaminated treatments showed lower ethanol production and cell viability. The highest decrease in contaminants was found after 168 h of fermentation: 22 and 65% in the cases of both pesticides while OTA decreased 52 and 58% (Treatments 2–0.83 µg L− 1 and 3–2.66 µg L− 1). Decrease in procymidone and OTA due to metabolic processes in yeast cells is mainly related to peroxidase activity and glutathione production.