Regenerative repair of intervertebral disc degeneration: a synergistic strategy of cells and biomaterials

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the main pathological basis of chronic low back pain (LBP). Its complex pathological mechanisms make it difficult for single therapies to simultaneously restore the structure and function of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Simple cell injection therapy faces problems such as low cell survival rate and poor tissue integration. Therefore, synergistic therapies combining cells and biomaterials provide a new cell therapy strategy for the regeneration and repair of IVDD. This article aims to review synergistic regeneration and repair strategies based on cells and biomaterials, and reviews and analyzes the biomaterials for cell delivery. Next-generation functionalized biomaterials possess multifunctional biocomposite properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and responsive properties. This article also introduces the types and applications of different cell sources and strategies to enhance therapeutic effects, such as gene modification, nanozymes, and the construction of three-dimensional (3D) cell spheres and organoids. Finally, the theoretical basis and possibilities for realizing personalized medicine are discussed in conjunction with 3D printing technology. Through deep synergy and integration of cells, tissue engineering, and the microenvironment, the regenerative microenvironment of IVD can be reshaped, providing a solution with potential for clinical translational applications in the treatment of IVDD.