In vitro and in vivo immune-enhancing effects of punicic acid and the action mechanisms as revealed via microbiome and lipid profiling

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) remarkably restored CTX-induced immune injury by enhancing the innate and adaptive immunity to stimulate the secretion of immune-related factors. In addition, PA improved gut microbiota dysbiosis and ameliorated lipid metabolism disorders. Our research provides a theoretical basis for the exploitation of PA as a functional component with immune-enhancing effects and adds to the potential health uses of pomegranate seed oil.