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Experimental study reveals that plasma-activated medium suppresses glioblastoma via a microglia paracrine relay in mouse models, highlighting a strategy to overcome reactive species attenuation.
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains difficult to treat because of its invasive growth, recurrence, and immunosuppressive microenvironment. Plasma‐activated medium (PAM) offers a RONS‐based antitumor strategy, but its bioactivity is constrained by reactive‐species attenuation in biological environments. Here, we propose a microglia‐mediated relay mechanism that converts transient PAM‐derived redox stimulation into delayed antitumor signaling. APPJ‐generated PAM activated BV2 microglia, increased intracellular ROS/RNS, and promoted a proinflammatory‐like, antitumor‐associated phenotype. Conditioned medium from PAM‐activated microglia induced secondary RONS accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, G2/M arrest, and apoptosis in GL261 cells without direct PAM exposure. In an orthotopic GL261 model, intratumoral PAM suppressed tumor progression and was accompanied by increased and decreased fractions within microglia.
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Liang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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