Abstract In this paper, we perform a thermostatistical analysis of the charged particles produced in minimum bias pp collisions across different energies available at the LHC-CERN reported by the ALICE Collaboration. To this end, we adopted the normalized p_ T p T spectrum as the probability density function governing the p_ T p T microstates of the produced hadrons, from which we can compute the entropy following the Shannon definition or the average p_ T p T as the Bjorken-type energy estimator. Additionally, we estimate the temperature from the slope of the p_ T p T spectrum at low p_ T p T values. We use the Hagedorn and Tricomi functions to describe the p_ T p T spectrum within a nonextensive approach and determine consistent thermodynamic frameworks by solving the fundamental relation dE/dT=C d E / d T = C, where C=TdS/dT C = T d S / d T is the heat capacity. We found that the internal energy behaves nonlinearly at LHC energies, indicating that the count of degrees of freedom is more complex than simply adding the number of flavors present in the hadron production. The main implication of our results is that the systems produced in pp collisions depart from the ideal gas picture and explain why the production of high p_ T p T hadrons has always been observed, even in earlier experiments, which may also encompass other experiments colliding e ^- - p or e ^+ + e ^- -.
Tlali et al. (2026) studied this question.