Engineering validation study demonstrates an integrated ESP32 multi-sensor IoT architecture for environmental monitoring, highlighting calibration needs for reference-grade deployment.
This paper presents the design and functional evaluation of an Internet of Things (IoT) environmental-monitoring architecture based on an ESP32 microcontroller and the ThingSpeak cloud platform. The architecture comprises six heterogeneous sensing subsystems: BME280 temperature, relative-humidity and barometric-pressure sensing; MQ-135 broad gas-response sensing; GP2Y1010AU0F optical dust sensing; TSL2561 illuminance sensing; YL-69 relative soil-moisture sensing; and an SPH0645LM4H I2S digital MEMS microphone. The engineering contribution is the development of a common sensing-to-cloud workflow spanning I2C, analogue-to-digital conversion and I2S acquisition, local processing, Wi-Fi connectivity and cloud visualisation. Experimental records demonstrate functional acquisition across the six sensing subsystems while also identifying calibration, data-provenance and hardware-integration limitations that must be addressed before reference-grade deployment.
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Farhan Muhammad (2026) studied this question.
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