Visualization of Delay Claim Analysis Using 4D Simulation

The precedence diagram method (PDM) is an accepted standard in the construction industry and a recognized method in courts in case of delay claims. In particular, four-dimensional (4D) simulation is becoming more prevalent in the construction industry as a means of decreasing productivity losses and delay claims. A 4D simulation is generated by linking a project three-dimensional (3D) model with the PDM schedule. It can be used for the visualization of the critical path to identify the cause–effect relationships and the responsible entity in the context of claims avoidance or claims resolution. This paper explores the use of 4D simulation for the visual comparison of float values when analyzing shifts in the critical path caused by delays. The findings are provided using a specific delay claim analysis method (i.e., time impact analysis) to model a hydropower workshop inspired by the industry context. In summary, 4D simulation has evolved into a reliable method for delay claim analysis.