Relative time emerges from relative frequency. This is the phase shift in relative frequency caused by an infinitesimal loss of wave energy, resulting in a proportional enlargement in the wavelength of the oscillation; which occurs in any clock between two relative locations due to relativistic effects or differences in gravitational potential; and consequently leads to an error in the clock's time reading; which is wrongly presented as time dilation.
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Thakur et al. (2023) studied this question.
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