Tooth tissue loss hinders full regeneration. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) possesses biocompatibility, biodegradability, and osseointegration properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SIS/HA on tooth defect. Herein, we used SIS/HA for tooth tissue engineering. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes were inserted into SIS/HA. Histological analysis was detected using HE staining and ALP staining. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Osteogenesis was analyzed by alizarin red staining. Cellular mineralization was analyzed by ALP staining. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. Angiogenesis was analyzed by tube formation assay. We found that SIS/HA effectively showed high cell viability. SIS/HA loaded with BMSC-Exo enhanced the effects of SIS/HA and promoted angiogenesis of RAOECs. Moreover, SIS/HA loaded with BMSC-Exo enhanced the effects of SIS/HA and mediated osteogenesis in vitro. BMSC-Exo-loaded SIS/HA enhanced new bone regeneration in vivo. In summary, BMSC-Exo-coated SIS/HA mediates osseointegration after tooth defect.
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Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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