How common is autonomous conservation? Insights from highlands and islands of Indonesia

Autonomous conservation—local stewardship practices that sustain ecosystems with limited external intervention—remains poorly documented in global nature conservation. Drawing on a rapid assessment of 22 communities and an in-depth study of eight sites in Papua, West Papua, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia, we examined the prevalence, diversity and effectiveness of these practices. We found autonomous conservation in all sites, expressed through diverse forms including taboos, seasonal closures, avoidance, and gear/method restrictions. These practices, motivated by mixed livelihood needs, cultural values, and social norms, are maintained through local rules, enforcement, self-restraint, and deterrence of outsiders. Even as traditional beliefs fade, many practices persist via social norms and cultural memory. Our findings demonstrate that autonomous conservation is widespread and ecologically relevant, providing an overlooked foundation for more inclusive and equitable conservation. Recognising and supporting these practices is essential for effective global strategies.